It is difficult to get an accurate record of the actual number of children that have been sexually abused. Many cases never come to light and because of differences in definitions of sexual assault, some cases are missed (658).
esearchers have begun to explore the concept of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder with children and adults that were victims of sexual assault. Many times people associate particular events with particular stimuli. For example, certain orders, colors, sounds, and people can trigger a memory of a past event. This is truer for victims of sexual assault. According to Wolf, Sas, and Wekerle, 'traumatic episodes become associated with particular eliciting stimuli and can lead to maladaptive or a typical reactions. Such conditioning can play an important role in the formation of children's adjustment disorders subsequent to sexual abuse (Wolf et al. 38).'

Because people do not anticipate an abusive episode, there are usually things the…...

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References

Famularo R, Fenton T, Kinscherff R, Ayoub C, Barnum R. Maternal and child posttraumatic stress disorder in cases of child maltreatment. Child Abuse & Neglect. 1994;18:27 -- 36

Famularo R, Kinscherff R, Fenton T. Symptom differences in acute and chronic presentation of childhood post-traumatic stress disorder. Child Abuse Negl 1990;14:439 -- 44.

Saigh, P.A. (2004). A structured interview for diagnosing Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Children's PTSD Inventory. San Antonio, TX: PsychCorp.

Walker, J. (2009). Anxiety associated with post traumatic stress disorder: The role of quantitative electroencephalograph in diagnosis and in guiding neurofeedback training to remediate the anxiety. Biofeedback, 37(2), 67-70

, 2010). This point is also made by Yehuda, Flory, Pratchett, Buxbaum, Ising and Holsboer (2010), who report that early life stress can also increase the risk of developing PTSD and there may even be a genetic component involved that predisposes some people to developing PTSD.
Studies of Vietnam combat veterans have shown that the type of exposure variables that were encountered (i.e., severe personal injury, perceived life threat, longer duration, intensity, complexity and exposure to the suffering of others), can adversely affect the symptomological course of the condition, meaning that the type of trauma that is experienced is also a risk factor in the development of PTSD (Cockram et al., 2010). Studies have also shown, though, that post-trauma factors such as stress management skills and social support systems can help to mitigate the development of PTSD as well as help facilitate recovery from the condition (Cockram et al., 2010).

The body…...

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References

American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders

(4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author.

Agras, W.S., Walsh, T., Fairburn, C.G., Wilson, G.T., & Kraemer, H.C. (2000). a

multicenter comparison of cognitive-behavioral therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy for bulimia nervosa. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57(5), 459 -- 466 in Roth, a. & Fonagy, P. (eds.). (2005). What works for whom? A critical review of psychotherapy research. New York:Guilford Press.

One important aspect was that research findings suggested that PTSD was more common than was thought to be the case when the DSM-III diagnostic criteria were formulated. (Friedman, 2007, para.3) the DSM-IV diagnosis of PTSD further extends the formalization of criteria as well as the methodological consistency for PTSD and now includes six main criteria. The first of these criteria qualifies the meaning of trauma. A traumatic event is defined as "…one in which: (a) the person experienced, witnessed, or was confronted with an event that involved actual or perceived threat to life or physical integrity; and (b) the person's emotional response to this event included horror, helplessness, or intense fear." (Foa & Meadows, 1997. p449) This also relates to the psychological symptoms which are categorized into three main groupings; namely the re-experiencing of symptoms, such as nightmares and flashbacks; secondly symptoms of avoidance of trauma and related stimuli…...

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References

Brown H. (2006) .The Effects of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) on the Officer and the Family. Retrieved from  http://www.nc-cm.org/article132.htm 

Foa, E., & Meadows, E. (1997). Psychosocial Treatments for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder:

A Critical Review. 449+. Retrieved from Questia database:  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5000413895 

Flannery Jr., Raymond B. (1999). Psychological Trauma and Posttraumatic

PTSD Effects in the Military
The military and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

The Iraq occupation cost the Americans as citizens and as a government more than was foreseen hence brought more harm than immediate good to the U.S.A. As a nation. This is in light of the collateral damage that the war has caused to the people of America physically and emotionally. Many arguments have been fronted that the benefits of the occupation in Iraq were mostly myopic and imaginary than factual hence they are hard to physically point out as the troops come back home.

There are disorders that came about as a result of exposure to life-threatening and stressful situations during the several wars which the military personnel had no control over. Affected people often have flashbacks of the situation where they had no control over and they may have night mares.

PTSD can be defined as a psychological reaction which…...

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References

Helpguide, (2013). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Symptoms, Treatment and Self-Help

for PTSD.   msnbc.com news services, (2006). 1 in 10 U.S. Iraq Veterans Suffers Stress Disorder Surveyhttp://www.helpguide.org/mental/post_traumatic_stress_disorder_symptoms_treatment.htm 

Finds Returning Soldiers Haunted by Nightmares, Flashbacks. Retrieved December 1, 2013 from  http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/11609834/ns/health-mental_health/t/us-iraq-veterans-suffers-stress-disorder/ 

National Institute of Mental Health, (2013). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Retrieved December 1, 2013 from  http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd/nimh_ptsd_booklet.pdf

The basic idea with this kind of therapy is to have the individual talk about how this is: influencing their thoughts and actions with their spouses. Over the course of several different sessions, the objective is to: understand the emotions and feelings that are associated with event along with the underlying meanings tied to it. This is significant, because if this kind of approach can be used it will create for an effective strategy of: intervening when someone is first beginning to show a variety of symptoms. (Sautter, 2011, pp. 63 -- 69) (Evans, 2009, pp. 531 -- 539)
Potential Contributions to the Field

This can make a potential contribution to the field of Educational Psychology by providing insights about: how to improve communication and training. These two factors are important, in understanding how the thoughts of the individuals and the way past events are influencing them. Once this occurs, it…...

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Bibliography

Evans, L. (2009). Family functioning predicts outcomes for veterans in treatment for chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Family Psychology, 23(4), 531-539

Kinichin, D. (2004). Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Wantagh, NY: Success Unlimited.

Moore, B. (2010). Imagery rehearsal therapy: An emerging treatment for posttraumatic nightmares in veterans. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 2(3), 232-238.

Sautter, F. (2011). The Development of Couple-Based Treatment. Professional Psychology, 42-91), 63 -- 69.

The study also revealed that 9% of those still in active military service developed psychiatric disorders. It concluded that many of them displayed psychotic symptoms other than flashbacks and dissociative symptoms. These symptoms are essential parts of PTSD.
Most of the war veterans investigated exhibited psychotic symptoms of either depressive or schizophrenia. O the PTSD patients, 9% also suffered from major depressive disorder with psychotic features, while 11% had psychotic disorders. Many of them showed psychotic symptoms other than flashbacks and dissociative symptoms. Psychotic symptoms are essential parts of PTSD and relates to the trauma.

Personality disorders were found to be critical in developing PTSD after combat trauma. Alcohol dependence was often found in these afflicted soldiers. it, thus, presented as a risk factor to developing alcohol dependence after combat trauma. PTSD soldiers without personality disorders, on the other hand, confronted the risk of developing co-morbid depressive disorder and psychotic symptoms.…...

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Bibliography

American Family Physician (2003). What you should know about post-traumatic stress disorder. 2 pages. American Academy of Family Physicians: Gale Group

Begic, D. (2001). Aggressive behavior in combat veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. 12 pages. Military Medicine: Association of Military Surgeons of the United States

Buncombe, a. (2005). Virtual reality "war" helps treat troops traumatized by combat. 2 pages. The (London) Independent: Independent Newspapers UK Limited

Business Editors (2007). Therapy battles war-related mental health conditions. 2 pages. Business Wire: Gale Group

In civilian life, such individuals will have gained a traditional ethical education whereas in a combat context, such individuals will have been instructed on the use of lethal force. According to illis, "habit and practice help the willingness and capacity to kill on command. The new recruit or volunteer may, and likely has, the innate reservation against killing anyone. Yet day in and day out, the 'normal' person is saturated with intellectual, physical, and emotional reinforcements and repetitions, to become prepared to kill. Centuries of military methods have been polished and refined to cope with any individual whose natural resistance to killing remains intransigent." (illis, p. 1)
These are instincts that can be difficult to 'turn off' as it were. This means that the therapist trained on how best to deal with such individuals must understand with empathy the aggression and the propensity toward violence which might be exhibited by…...

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Works Cited:

Hausman, K. (2002). Race-Related Stressors Can Trigger PTSD. Psychiatric News, 37(18).

Willis, J.D. (2010). On Human Nature, Killing, Soldiers, PTSD -- and Our Ethical Duties. Leadership Ethics Online.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Abuse
This paper will highlight post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and its related causes such as abuse. The main idea here is to overview some of the causes of this disorder and to relate it with physiological and sociological aspects, some other important facts related to the topic will also be mentioned in order to give the reader a better idea about those individuals who are diagnosed with the post traumatic stress.

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

It is commonly observed that there exists a strong relationship between abusive behavior, PTSD and any experience of traumatic incident. The fact is that intimate partner abuse occurs more than expected by any common individual. According to the national estimates in the United States, around the time frame of one year some eight to twenty percent of individuals who are in a serious relationship would go on to get involved in any sort…...

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Bibliography

Vasterling, J. (2005). Neuropsychology of PTSD. New York: Guilford Press.

In this book, the writer specifically focuses on the biological, cognitive and clinical perspectives of the post traumatic stress disorder. The details include a full review of the biological symptoms, the cognitive behavior and the clinical response towards those symptoms. The writer has successfully connected a link between these complex sciences and bought up a common platform which is easy to understand and explain to any reader who is not familiar with this topic.

In order to support its argument, the writer also uses many examples from modern times as well as previous experiments related to biology, cognitive sciences and clinical sciences to asses what has developed from past experiences, what further needs to be done and what lies ahead in the study of post traumatic stress disorder.

Hudgins, M. (2002). Experimental treatment for PTSD. New York: Springer.

, 2003).
The results of the study found that cocaine/PTSD were younger that alcohol/PTSD subjects (Back et al., 2003). Additionally, the researchers found that the alcohol/PTSD participants were more likely to be married and have more intimate friends than the cocaine/PTSD participants. In addition, the study found that alcohol/PTSD participants were more likely to be employed full time (Back et al., 2003). The alcohol/PTSD participants were also more likely to be employed for longer periods of time (Back et al., 2003). In addition, women with cocaine/PTSD were more likely to be arrested for prostitution than alcohol PTSD. The study also found that there were high rates of sexual trauma associated with the development of PTSD (Back et al., 2003). In addition, the alcohol/PTSD groups were more likely to have developed PTSD as a result of a car accident or some other severe incidents.

Overall, the researchers assert that the study revealed, "women…...

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References

 http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001920850 

Back, S.E., Sonne, S.C., Killeen, T., Dansky, B.S., & Brady, K.T. (2003). Comparative Profiles of Women with PTSD and Comorbid Cocaine or Alcohol Dependence. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 29(1), 169+.  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001630183 

Dansky, B.S., Brady, K.T., Saladin, M.E., Killeen, T., Becker, S., & Roitzsch, J. (1997). Victimization and PTSD in Individuals with Substance Use Disorders: Gender and Racial Differences. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 22(1), 75+.  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001260060 

Dansky, B.S., Byrne, C.A., & Brady, K.T. (1999). Intimate Violence and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder among Individuals with Cocaine Dependence. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 25(2), 257.

By nature, this approach demonstrates that "much research is pragmatically driven by the high-impact publication requirements of academia." (Byrne et al., 47) This is an important idea to consider in desiring to reflect validity in a qualitative approaches taken toward PTSD. Here, the intent for the researcher is to 'ground' his experiment in a thorough understanding of the research subject, with the primary research problem being the need to understand the nature of PTSD. The research purpose would be to gather and consult a sufficient number of academic sources to provide a meaningful definition of PTSD. The primary research question will ask the following: Can a fuller definitional understanding of PTSD promote better diagnostic capabilities amongst military doctors and therapists?
Phenomenological Research:

In certain study cases, external validity or the potential for generality are not practical goals. Instead, the uniqueness of a subject may denote the need for a research approach…...

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Works Cited:

Byrne, N.; Regan, C. & Livingston, G. (2006). Adherence to Treatment in Mood

Disorders. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 19, p. 44-49.

Garson, J. (2006). Ethnographic Research. North Carolina State University.

Patton, M.Q. (2002). Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods. Sage Publications.

This study drew the researcher inside with its warmth and obvious care for children. One weakness, the researcher notes, however, is the implementation of a specific example of implementing related literary techniques.
Application to the School Setting

The implementation of specific literacy strategies appropriate to aid children of abuse, as Haeseler (2006) recommends, the researcher contends, would prove to be a positive practice. The researcher would be concerned if this would add to the teacher's current stress and/or work load.

eflection

The article by Haeseler (2006) enhanced the researcher's appreciation of the value and versatility of literature. The researcher experienced second thoughts regarding the role of the teacher as a school psychologist, albeit, in addition to his/her current responsibilities. Perhaps, schools should consider contracting with professional writers to regularly implement this type therapeutic intervention for children with PTSD.

CONCLUSION

Comparing and Contrasting

The articles by Cook-Cottone (2004), Brown et al. (2006), and Haeseler (2006) present pertinent…...

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References

Brown, E.J., Mcquaid, J., Farina, L., Ali, R., & Winnick-Gelles, a. (2006). Matching interventions to children's mental health needs: Feasibility and scceptability of a pilot school-based trauma intervention program. Education & Treatment of Children, 29(2), 257+. Retrieved March 12, 2009, from Questia database:  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5016613285 

Cook-Cottone, C. (2004). Childhood Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Diagnosis, treatment, and school reintegration. School Psychology Review, 33(1), 127+. Retrieved March 12, 2009, from Questia database:  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5007987125 

Haeseler, L.A. (2006). Promoting Literacy learning for children of abuse: Strategies for elementary school teachers. Reading Improvement, 43(3), 136+. Retrieved March 12, 2009, from Questia database:  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5018854141 

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.(2009). American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. Retrieved March 12, 2009, at  http://www.psychiatryonline.com/content.aspx?aID=3357&searchStr=posttraumatic+strss+disorder

This has made it very difficult for me to relate to those around me, even to the family members that loved me and still love me, and that I still love; despite the bonds we share that could never be broken, there are parts of me that they will never understand -- parts of myself that I don't really understand.
As clear as the effects of PTSD are, and as evident as it is to many that the Iraq war has produced more horrors than many other military actions and thus has led to more cases of PTSD, there are some that argue these reports are overblown. In testimony given to the House Committee on Veteran's Affairs, Sally Satel argues that though PTSD is real and certainly debilitative, there is no reason to think that the military action in Iraq would produce more individuals with PTSD than other campaigns (Satel…...

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References

Huang, K. (2005). Night visions. Accessed 7 November 2010.  http://www.mediathatmattersfest.org/films/night_visions/ 

Satel, S. (2004). "Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Iraq Veterans: Testimony before the House Committee on Veterans Affairs," American Enterprise Institute, March 11. Accessed 7 November 2010. http://libproxy.howardcc.edu:2067/ovrc/retrieve.do?subjectParam=Locale%2528en%252C%252C%2529%253AFQE%253D%2528su%252CNone%252C4%2529PTSD%2524&contentSet=GSRC&sort=Relevance&tabID=T010&sgCurrentPosition=0&subjectAction=DISPLAY_SUBJECTS&prodId=OVRC&searchId=R1&currentPosition=5&userGroupName=colu91149&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&sgHitCountType=None&qrySerId=Locale%28en%2C%2C%29%3AFQE%3D%28ke%2CNone%2C4%29PTSD%24&inPS=true&searchType=BasicSearchForm&displaySubject=&docId=EJ3010640215&docType=GSRC

Vendantam, S. (2006). "Veterans report mental distress." Washington post, March 1. Accessed 7 November 2010.  http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/02/28/AR2006022801712.html

As a result, this is helping to focus our study on more effectively understanding the causes and the impact this disease is having of the lives of veterans along with their families.
The Study

The focus of our research will be to concentrate on PTSD development in soldiers that were deployed in Iraq and Afghanistan. There will be an emphasis on how this is impacting their lives based on the experiences that they endured during various events. Once this occurs, we will be able to offer specific insights about how to be able to more effectively understand their condition. This is the point that we can determine the best way of helping them to overcome these issues.

Methods

To comprehend the impact of PTSD requires conducting a study of 20 different veterans who were serving in combat zones. The age group that we will be focusing on is from 18 to 35 years…...

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Bibliography

Anderson, G. (2009). Using the Internet to Provide Cognitive Behavior Therapy. Behavior and Therapy Research, 47 (3), 175 -- 180.

Brown, A. (2010). Trauma Centrality and PTSD. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 23 (4), 496 -- 499.

Foa, E. (2009). Effective Treatments for PTSD. New York, NY: Guliford Press.

Grieger, T. (2011). Fields of Combat. JAMA, 306 (5), 553.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
PTSD

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder refers to a situation where an individual finds difficulty move on upon experiencing a harmful or terrifying situation Brewin, Andrews and Valentine 748.

The experiences introduce to an individual a sense of danger, disconnectedness, anxiety or painful memories. An individual experiencing post Traumatic stress feels helpless because their safety is threatened Brewin, Andrews and Valentine 749()

In reality, post traumatic disorder does not only occur as the result of physical threat. It is also associated to mental cognition that, may contribute to the feeling of helplessness and danger. In the case of danger directly affecting a close friend or family member, an individual may feel terrified and find it difficult to get over the situation. Prolonged feeling of the threat results to post traumatic stress disorder Brewin, Andrews and Valentine 750()

Causes of Traumatic Stress Disorder

It is derived from the definitions that Post Traumatic Stress Disorder results…...

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Works sited

Brewin, C.R., B. Andrews, and J.D. Valentine. "Meta-Analysis of Risk Factors for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Trauma-Exposed Adults." Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 68 (2000): 748-66. Print.

Silver, R.C, et al. "National Longitudinal Study of Psychological Responses to September 11. ." Journal of the American Medical Association, 288 (2002): 1235-44. Print.

For many reasons, children in such families are especially vulnerable (4). Many studies have established that, in comparison with children of combat veterans without PTSD, the children of combat veterans with PTSD have more frequent and more serious developmental, behavioral, and emotional problems (2,5-10). Some of them also have specific psychiatric problems." (Klaric et al., p. 491)
It is thus that the discussion on PTSD must shift toward a more encompassing intervention and treatment approach. As the text by Klaric et al. illustrates, it is not sufficient to simply view the combat veteran as the only subject of such intervention. The research conducted here proceeds from the understanding that any such intervention may both fail to relieve the stresses felt by surrounding family members and might also fail to provide family members with the coping strategies necessary to understand the afflicted veteran family member, to recognize and avoid triggers and…...

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Works Cited:

Klaric, M.; Franciskovic, T.; Klaric, B.; Kvesic, A.; Kastelan, A.; Graovac, M. & Diminic Lisica, I. (2008). Psychological Problems in Children of War Veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Cross-Sectional Study. Croatian Medical Journal, 49(4), 491-498.

Tull, M. (2009). Stress in Children of Iraq War Soldiers. About Post Traumatic Stress (PTSD).

United States Department of Veterans Affairs (USDVA). (2010). Children Coping With Deployment. PTSD.va.gov.

Title: The Plight of Vulnerable Angels: Abuse Against Children with Special Needs

Introduction:

In the tapestry of life, there exist individuals who require our utmost care and protection: children with special needs. These extraordinary souls, often possessing unique abilities and challenges, deserve a world that embraces their differences and ensures their well-being. Sadly, the reality is that some of these vulnerable angels are subjected to abuse, a heinous crime that robs them of their innocence and dignity. This essay delves into the topic of abuse against children with special needs, exploring its various forms, the devastating impact it has on their lives,....

Trauma is an emotional response to a distressing or disturbing event that overwhelms an individual's ability to cope. It can be caused by a single event, such as a car accident or a natural disaster, or by ongoing stressors, such as abuse or neglect.

Trauma can have a wide range of effects on a person's mental, emotional, and physical well-being. Symptoms of trauma may include flashbacks, nightmares, anxiety, depression, and difficulty concentrating. It can also impact a person's ability to form and maintain relationships, perform daily tasks, and function effectively in work or school.

Trauma can be treated through various therapeutic approaches,....

1. The Influence of Cognitive Distortions on Mental Health:

- How do cognitive distortions, such as catastrophising, overgeneralisation, and black-and-white thinking, contribute to the development and maintenance of mental health issues like anxiety, depression, and PTSD?
- Explore the role of cognitive restructuring techniques in challenging and modifying dysfunctional thought patterns, thereby improving mental health outcomes.

2. Attachment Styles and Their Impact on Relationships:

- Elaborate on the different attachment styles, including secure, anxious-preoccupied, dismissive-avoidant, and fearful-avoidant, and their formation during childhood.
- Analyse the effects of attachment styles on romantic relationships, focusing on how they influence communication, trust, intimacy, and....

War is a state of armed conflict between different nations or groups within a country. It typically involves high levels of violence, destruction, and casualties. Throughout history, wars have been fought over political, economic, and ideological differences, as well as territorial expansion and resource control. War can have devastating effects on civilian populations, infrastructure, and the environment, and often leads to long-lasting social and economic consequences.
War can also have significant impacts on the mental health and well-being of individuals involved in combat, as well as civilians living in conflict zones. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, and other mental health....